The invisible burden: the effects of gender on personal and business satisfaction of MSE leaders
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.46990/relayn.2026.10.3.2850Keywords:
Género, Liderazgo, Balance Vida-Trabajo, Satisfacción, RegresiónAbstract
This study analyses the relationship between gender, domestic labor and personal and business satisfaction among 36 976 MSE managers in Latin America. The results reveal a double workload for women who dedicate significantly more time to domestic labor than men 3.94 compared to 2.34 hours a week. Using ordinary least squares (OLS), a negative association among female gender and satisfaction, regardless of the domestic workload. The absence of a significant moderation effect suggests that the lower satisfaction among female leaders is not explained solely by the time invested, but also by the underlying gender roles and the “invisible burden”.
Downloads
References
Ariza, M., & De Oliveira, O. (2021). Trabajo, género y desigualdad: Itinerarios de la vida laboral. El Colegio de México.
Aviv, E., Waizman, Y., Kim, E., Liu, J., Rodsky, E., & Saxbe, D. (2024). Cognitive household labor: gender disparities and consequences for maternal mental health and wellbeing. Archives of Women’s Mental Health, 28, 5–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-024-01490-w
Campaña, J. C., Giménez-Nadal, J. I., & Molina, J. A. (2020). Self-employed and employed mothers in Latin American families: Are there differences in paid work, unpaid work, and child care? Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 41(1), 52–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10834-020-09660-5
Cheung, S. F., & Aguiar, M. (2025). Doing, reporting, and interpreting moderation right: Recommendations for selected common practices. Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology, 19. https://doi.org/10.1177/18344909251374823
Del Real Villarreal, L. P., & Álvarez-Monsiváis, E. (2024). Autorrepresentación de madres gerentes en la cultura organizacional y el vértice en su geografía. La ventana, 7(59), 187–224. https://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?pid=S1405-94362024000100187&script=sci_arttext
Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95(3), 542–575. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.95.3.542
Hochschild, A. (1989). The second shift: Working parents and the revolution at home. Viking.
Kahn, R. L., Wolfe, D. M., Quinn, R. P., Snoek, J. D., & Rosenthal, R. A. (1964). Organizational stress: Studies in role conflict and ambiguity. Wiley.
Le Moal, M., Thurik, R., Torrès, O., & Soenen, G. (2025). Mental health of entrepreneurs and daily recovery experiences. Small Business Economics, 66(1), 27–48. https://pure.eur.nl/files/199151639/s11187-025-01087-2.pdf
Méndez, E. U. (2021). Techos de Cristal, dilema contemporáneo para las organizaciones. A&H Revista de Artes, Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales, 13, 97–119. https://revistas.upaep.mx/index.php/ayh/article/view/47
OCDE (2023). Perspectivas de las Pymes en América Latina. OECD Publishing
ONU Mujeres. (2024). Participación política de las mujeres: Construyendo la sociedad del cuidado. ONU Mujeres – América Latina y el Caribe. https://lac.unwomen.org/sites/default/files/2024-11/cuidados_2024.pdf
Peña Ahumada, N. B., & Aguilar Rascón, O. C. (2025). Liderazgo de las Mujeres en las Mypes. Investigación Administrativa, 54(135), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.35426/iav54n135.03
Reich-Stiebert, N., Froehlich, L., & Voltmer, J. B.(2023). Gendered Mental Labor: A systematic literature review on the cognitive dimension of unpaid work within the household and Childcare. Sex Roles, 88, 475–494 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-023-01362-0
Reimann, M., Schulz, F., Marx, C. K., & Lükemann, L. (2022). The family side of work-family conflict: A literature review of antecedents and consequences. Journal of Family Research, 34(4), 1010–1032. https://doi.org/10.20377/jfr-859
RELAYN. (2021). Cuestionario Relayn 2021. Red de Estudios Latinoamericanos en Administración y Negocios.
Rodríguez, E. R., & Romero, N. M. (2021). Mipymes en México: relevancia, retos y potencialidades. RIIED, 2(2), 1–8. https://www.riied.org/index.php/v1/article/view/14
Salazar, M. S., Sánchez, M. d., & López, R. G. (2023). Relación entre Responsabilidad Social Empresarial y el desempeño laboral de las PyMEs en Celaya, Gto., México. Revista RAITES, 9(19), 78-98. https://pistaseducativas.celaya.tecnm.mx/index.php/raites/article/view/3524
Sohal, A., Sharma, D., & Sharma, S. (2025). Work–family conflict: A systematic literature review and research agenda. European Management Journal. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2025.10.002
Soto, A. L., & Hernández, B. R. (2023). Diagnóstico y comportamiento de las MiPyMES en México durante el periodo 2019-2023. Revista Venezolana de Gerencia (RVG), 28(104), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.52080/rvgluz.29.e11.32


















